Home Page The Language The Region and the Mines
McAdoo History via Snoich-Zerbey Klein (Kline) Township History
Weatherly and Lausanne Township
The Patchtowns
This one might be Lattimer
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Ed. Note: Coal mining began in the McAdoo area of Spring Mountain in the earliest years of the 1800s. Coal was first discovered in the shallow depressions of Beaver and Hazle creeks, in Banks Township on the high plateau of Spring Mountain. Each small portion of this area insists that its own somebody-or-other was the first to find and identify anthracite coal as a viable fuel for burning. This same pride of locale exists throughout the entire Anthracite Region. We shall let this issue continue to be the province of speculation. Throughout the rest of the Nineteenth Century, mining moved westward until it extended through Hazleton to the headwaters of the Catawissa and Tomhicken creeks in the now vanished "Hunkydory", Honeybrook and Green Mountain tracts. McAdoo was the last town of the region to be incorporated in 1896.
Most of the places in the short place descriptions below can be located on these pages. The circa 1875 550 KByte map was manufactured by using several old maps of small areas as overlays to a modern US Geological Survey 7.5 min. quadrangle. Using computer aided drafting methods, the small maps were scaled to appropriate reference points and overlaid in red and blue on the USGS topographical background. The contour lines were removed for improved clarity --- except for the strippings, (strip mines), and coalbanks around Audenreid --- to indicate the present vanished state of old Yorktown. Most of the correspondences are quite accurate. We may be off by a few feet in the McAdoo locale, a half city block or so at Hazleton. This is because most effort was applied to precisely locate the long-gone Yorktown. It was most interesting to track the faint traces of roads and places on the modern topographical map with the long ago rough cartography of the 1875 surveys. Similarly for the 1890 Geology Map. This 400 KB picture was made from parts of the three county, Schuylkill, Carbon and Luzerne, geology maps drafted in the late 1800s. The originals are 100MB sized *.sid compressed files and are sourced in the notes. My own corrections and additions to the original text below will be indicated by brackets, [...] Attribution and footnotes will be added from time to time to the several local histories and atlases consulted and referenced in this work, as well as to pertaining other pages of this web site. The major sources for this page are: 1. The five volume Eckhart's "History of Carbon County" from the Dimmick Memorial Library, Jim Thorpe/Mauch Chunk. 2. "History of Luzerne County, Pennsylvania", with Biographical Selections. H.C. Bradsby, ed. Chicago: S. B. Nelson & Co., Publishers, 1893 3. "Atlas of Luzerne County Pennsylvania", by D.G. Beers, published by A. Pomeroy & Co., Philadelphia, 1873. 4. The Pennsylvania State University topographical map repository. --- sfp (09/17/2003) This page © All rights reserved. |
Freeland (formerly Freehold in Foster Township) has a descriptive web site of its own. In addition to an account of Freeland, 1893, it also gives another for 1910, plus short histories of Eckley, Foster Township, South Heberton and Upper Lehigh.
Banks Township Large
Map
(mainly from Eckhart)
and
See also Carbon County in more detail here
The township was named for Judge John Banks of then Northampton County. It is bounded on the north by Hazle Township (Luzerne County), on the west by Kline Township (Schuylkill County), on the south by Packer Township and on the east by Lausanne Township. By 1860, the population of the Banks Township was 2,502.
Geography
Beaver Creek rises near Jeanesville and flows eastward. It joins Hazle Creek which passes through the northeastern portion at Hazle Creek Junction northwest of Weatherly to form Black Creek. Tresckow Falls is the origin [a tributary] of Quakake Creek which flows into Packer Township.
The township's southern boundary is atop Spring Mountain. which ranges from 1,400 to [1,900] feet above sea level. It measures 12.3 square miles.
Simple map of Banks and Packer Townships.
Assessment Profile
Banks Township's 1890 tax assessment was $288,000 with real estate at $254,000 and personal property at $34,000. John J. Gallagher was in charge of collections when assessments rose to $1.1 million by 1910.
By 1880, the population of Banks Township was 4,018. Its tax assessment was $221,830 with real estate of $215,256 and personal property of $5,256.
In 1890, its population was 4,461. Tax assessment was $287,651 with real estate of $254,282 and personal property of $33,369.
Roads
In Banks Township Evan Gibbon had the annual road maintenance contract. Gibbon served as the major roadman for the project in 1899, collecting his expenses and payroll on an annual basis. This method did not levy taxes for road purposes and the highways were maintained by the Taxpayers' Association which was funded by the coal companies and proved more economical.
Several roads were proposed in the 1850s, but had to be delayed due to the
Civil War. An early road passed through Yorktown between Audenreid and Jeanesville
in 1859. It was opposite the Welsh Congregational Church in Yorktown and passed
to Tamaqua Street in Audenreid. Taggart's Store near the New York and Lehigh
Railroad was toward the schoolhouse in Audenried. Tamaqua Street in Audenried
in 1878 was assigned as the permanent road and the diagonal road7
[leading to Beaver Brook] to Hazleton was vacated. In 1930 the main highway
bypassed Tamaqua Street and ran alongside the Spring Mountain Colliery.
Another early one mile road passed from the Beaver Meadow Branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad at Leviston (Junedale) northwest to Centown and Fiftston near the Luzerne County line in 1887. At Centown (also Centtown), it continued to the Lehigh and Susquehanna Turnpike in Luzerne County. Viewers were Franz Mackl (surveyor), John Martyn, Sr., and Daniel Rouse.
In 1893, road revisions in Audenried along the thoroughfare between Hazleton and Tamaqua included the intersection of the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company and the Spring Mountain Coal Company. D. N. Nobert, superintendent of the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company, released their claim to damages. Alexander J. Lauderburn, Franz Mackl, and Hiram P. LeVan were the viewers.
A road between Park View and McAdoo was constructed in 1901. It began along the road leading from Park View [the western part of Tresckow], to Silver Brook near the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and ended across the Schuylkill County line at Grant Street in McAdoo. A trestle was built over the Lehigh Valley Railroad where the draft showed a dangerous crossing. Viewers were Jefferson J. Gerhard, Patrick D.Kelley, and Franz Mackl.
Another road in 1901 extended east from Park View to Coleraine. In Park View the road continued south on Hemlock Street to Market Street, then west to Chestnut Street. Daniel Breslin, Samuel Croll and Franz Mackl were appointed as viewers, while cost of the view including mileage was $12.50
Bridges
The township had few streams that warranted bridges. A new bridge in Banks Township was constructed across Beaver Creek in 1870
Beaver Meadows Map
Nathan Beach, formerly of Salem in Snyder County, found coal in the township In 1812 near the Leviston Station and opened a mine in 1813. The first coal produced here was hauled in wagons to Berwick and Bloomsburg where it was used for blacksmithing. As the nature of anthracite became better understood and demand increased, the coal was hauled over the Lehigh and Susquehanna Turnpike to Lausanne on the Lehigh River, where it was loaded into arks for shipment to Philadelphia. Cost of freight from the mines to Lausanne was $2.25 per ton. When the coal reached the Philadelphia market, it sold for $8 per ton.
The first settlement was made by Benjamin Romig around 1825. At that time, Romig erected a sawmill and a dwelling on the west side of Hazle Creek, which was named for the hazelnut trees that flourished along its banks. The first lumber sawed in this mill was for the building of a school in what was later known as Hudsondale. Shortly after 1830, Romig erected a large house (also a tavern) on the west side of the creek near the "Rocks".
Beaver Meadows, the oldest village in the northern part of Carbon County, was named for the beaver that formerly lived in the meadows. The Indians who captured the Gilbert family in 1780 in Mahoning Valley followed a trail which led through the village, which is located four miles southeast of Hazleton and six miles west of Weatherly.
The land on which the village is built was warranted in December of 1787 to Patrick and Mary Keene. Previously, the site and surrounding territory was known as St. Anthony's Wilderness and inhabitants at that time included only a few trappers. In 1806, the Lehigh and Susquehanna Turnpike was completed, and log huts occupied by these trappers were built along what is now Broad Street.
A toll gate was set up at the foot of the Spring Mountain and was first tended by a man named Green. One day while enroute to Mauch Chunk he was robbed and murdered atop Broad Mountain.
In April of 1826, William H. Wilson became landlord of a tavern at Beaver Meadows which was built as a log house around 1804 along the Lehigh and Susquehanna Turnpike. In 1830 he established a post office and in 1837 built the Wilson's Hotel which he maintained for 20 years. In 1878 the hotel became the site of a store.
The first school opened in the village in 1835 and was kept by Miss Lydia Bidlack. The Presbyterian Church was established in 1838 after the Van Cleave family, early coal operators, donated a lot for the building.
A large frame building, the Hoyt Hotel, was constructed at the east end of the village in 1833 by Nathan R. Penrose, a native of Cornwall, England. Persons who migrated from Cornwall were known as Cornishmen. In 1835, Henry Brenckman, a native of Germany operated a brewery and hotel in the village. His son, Frederick, was a carpenter and farmer at Hudsondale.
William Tubbs opened a tavern in 1837, which would become known as the Gilbert House. In 1875, Lewis Drumbar was proprietor of the Gilbert House. Ten years later, J. H. Stofflet replaced the old tavern with a larger structure. During the Civil War, it was known as The Barracks since it was occupied in 1863 for five months of the war by the 10th Regiment of New Jersey. This regiment was sent to protect the mines against rebellious miners and Southern sympathizers (Copperheads), who were hampering production of the vital mineral. After the Civil War, this building was known as the "Cornishmen's House". Later it was operated by James Gowen, father of Franklin B. Gowen who was instrumental in destroying the organization known as the Molly Maguires.
The First Railroad 2
The Beaver Meadow Railroad and Mining Company was chartered in April of 1830. In 1831, the first extensive mines were initiated, and in 1836 the first railroad was built from these mines to Parryville, where the coal was transferred to boats on the Lehigh Canal.
See more about this earliest railroad and 'the Penn Haven Planes' at this Jersey Central Railroad site.
"No beavers in Beaver Meadows" --- From an account of a very early LVRR railroader.
Around 1836, the Beaver Meadow Company installed the first locomotive shops, roundhouse and water tank at the location of what is now known as The Pond.
The Beaver Meadow Railroad was completed in the fall of 1836, and the company at first located its foundry, machine and repair shops at Beaver Meadows. In 1839, the shops were moved to Weatherly, and while this was detrimental to the interests of Beaver Meadows, it gave added impetus to the growth of Weatherly. The shops, located near the point where the town hall later stood, were driven by waterpower from Hazle Creek.
Canvass White built a gravity railroad from his mines to connect with the Beaver Meadow Railroad as an outlet for his coal in 1848. The "Planes" road to Weatherly was part of the roadbed of the Beaver Meadow line. The rail line was rebuilt from Weatherly to Mauch Chunk, and the boat loading operations for the Lehigh Canal were established at Mauch Chunk
In 1854, a stretch of nearly one-and-a-half miles of new railroad was laid from Hazle Creek Junction west to its grade along Spring Mountain from Beaver Meadows. The Beaver Meadow Railroad purchased the line from Hazle Creek junction to Weatherly. Upon completion, the inclined planes that were used previously by the local mines were abandoned in 1855. The section of road replacing the planes remained in use and was known to railroaders as Weatherly Hill. In 1862, the Beaver Meadow Railroad erected a depot along east Main Street.
Reuben Dinkey, a native of Pennsville in East Penn Twp. was the first superintendent at the Beaver Meadow Shops. The first two steam locomotives were named in his honor as "Dinkeys".
Dinkey
At that time, Hopkins Thomas, a Welsh immigrant, was a master mechanic of the Beaver Meadows Shops. Through one of his inventions, anthracite was first made available for use in locomotives. He also invented and succeeded in the use of the first chilled cast iron car wheel, as well as produced the most improved and successful Cornish mine pumps and machinery of the day. Under his supervision, a ten wheel locomotive, the first of its kind built in this country and named the "Nonpareil" was constructed at Beaver Meadows.
The beginning of the downturn of Beaver Meadows as an industrial town came with the removal of these shops to Weatherly in 1839. It was believed that the shops could be operated less expensively with natural waterpower furnished by Hazle Creek than with steam.
An explosion destroyed the Penrose Powder Mill in 1866, and it was abandoned.
In the 1870's, town merchants in Beaver Meadows included Stephen E. Farrow, J. P. Riess, and R. H. Lanyon. The latter was a manufacturer and wholesale distributor of boots and shoes. Peter Schwab was the proprietor of the Central Hotel. Butchers included W. S. Betterly and George Morgan. James Waddell, superintendent of mines for F. B. Ely and Company also lived there.
In 1880, the population of Beaver Meadows was 502. The main office of William T. Carter, coal operators, was located on Broad Street adjacent to Hoyt's Spring.
Junedale
Junedale, formerly Coleraine, is a village located near what was the VanWickle Colliery. The post office was formerly called Leviston3 after Hosea J. Levis, one of the original directors of the Beaver Meadow Company.
Coleraine Colliery was the second coal-mining operation to be opened in the township. Rich and Cleaver held the first lease, succeeded by Ratcliffe and Johnson, then in 1862 by William Carter and Son, and then by William T. Carter. In 1884, 480 workers mined 169,950 tons of anthracite. A Welsh Church was built on the north side of this village.
Two breakers were located there, one owned by W. T. Carter and Company with a capacity of 180,000 tons per annum and the other by Ely, Martin and Company with a capacity of 40,000 tons annually. The Penn Anthracite Company and the Coleraine Coal Company operated there later.
The village had a frame school building. In 1848, the Welsh Congregational Church was organized. Coolstown was another hamlet located adjacent to and along the southern edge of Leviston.
The Hazle Branch of the railroad extended along Hazle Creek and joined the Beaver Meadow Railroad near the Hazle Creek Bridge Station. Along the northern route Miller's Station was located near the Luzerne County line.
Founded in 1851, Tresckow, initially called Dutchtown, was the site of the German Pennsylvania Coal Company. In April of 1858, J. P. Shindel was the first postmaster.
Around 1862, the mines were operated by Samuel Bonnell, Jr. In 1864, the Honey Brook Coal Company was incorporated and continued the mining business for ten years. At that time it was operated by the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company which was owned by the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey. The coal that was mined at Tresckow was processed for shipment at the breaker at Audenried.
In 1884, 364 employees produced 132,784 tons of anthracite.
Audenreid Map
The village of Audenried, named for Lewis Audenried, a coal operator in Philadelphia, was founded in 1855. It was located in the farthest northwest corner of the county.
In October of 1860 a post office was established and Samuel Martyn was the first postmaster. This office was kept for many years in the store of the Honey Brook Coal Company, an early coal company. The Lehigh and Susquehanna Railroad as well as the Lehigh Valley Railroad had early lines to the mines.
In 1861 the Audenried Hotel was established by Augustus Williams. Other proprietors included Rothrock, Fruit, and in 1875, N. D. Fowler. Later, it was operated as a boarding house by Mary Dimmick. Briel and Keiser conducted a meat market in the mid-1880's.
The Hosack Hall Association was organized in 1871 to establish a public hall. A lot was donated by the New York and Lehigh Coal Company, and the hall was erected for $7,500. The village was also the home of Lehigh and Wyoming Coal Company executives, including mine superintendent, E. B. Leisenring and superintendent of stores, E. Lazarus.
Lamar Bailey, located along Green Street, had the only telephone in town at that time. A tin cup by the phone was used for local and long-distance charges.
The M and K Silk Mill, operated by Theodore Michael and Louis Kreiger used Hosack Hall around 1919. They employed 58 hands in 1921 when the silk mill relocated to Beaver Meadows. The hall was used through the Depression as a dance hall before being converted into apartments. At the west end of Church Street Thomas Reese built a store for his son.
Audenried's polling place moved from the public schoolhouse to the H. C. Taylor Hall in February 1894. Rent at the hall was $5 per election.
The town's school children were taught in the Audenried Public School Building, a frame building The school building housed eight grades and operated until the late 1940s.
Audenreid Churches
In 1869, the Methodist Church5 was erected under the ministry of the Rev. E. W. Schwartz.
The village also contained the Welsh Independent Congregational Church, which was started around 1870. In 1872, the Welsh Baptist Church was erected at a cost of $2,500, and 11 years later $1,100 was spent on improvements. It became known as the English Baptist Church.
The Presbyterian Church was organized in 1870 and met at the Methodist Church before establishing a church building in 1872, under the ministry of the Rev. Daniel Durrelle.
In 1873, St. Patrick's Church6 was constructed on a lot donated by Hosack and Company of New York, and was placed under the pastoral care of the Rev. T. J. Marren. A parsonage had already been constructed in 1870 at the cost of $6,000. Previously, the Catholics worshipped in Frenchtown.
The Welsh Congregational Church began in 1866 under the ministry of the Rev.
M. D. Morgan of Beaver Meadows by Welsh families with a love of music and
deep religious faith who settled in Yorktown. First services were held at
the local schoolhouse, which was later purchased and remodeled by the congregation.
The land was leased for 99 years from the New York and Lehigh Coal Company
which later became the Lehigh Valley Coal Company. The first trustees were
John Daniels, David Jenkins, David Lloyd, Lewis Thomas, and Benjamin Williams.
The church building was enlarged in 1886 with new heating and lighting systems.
Its charter that year listed subscribers as Ebenezer Davis, Henry Davis, William
R. Evans, Francis Higgins, Isaac Jenkins, John R. Lewis, and Thomas D. Reese,
all of Audenried; Evan Davis and William Hughes of Jeanesville & and John
Francis of Yorktown. Trustees were Ebenezer Davis, Evan Davis, John Francis,
John R. Lewis, and Thomas D. Reese.
Audenreid Mining
Digging the outcrop of the Mammoth Vein created early strip mining. The Honey Brook Coal Company based in Philadelphia, provided for domestic coal needs, including area churches and parsonages.
Levi and Joseph Horlacher, father and son handled the greenhorns (mules) from the Lehigh and Wilkes-Barre Coal Company. They traveled by trolley to Wilkes-Barre and walked the fresh mules back to Audenried. Near the Halfway Houses [between Audenreid and McAdoo] [On Map], the mule stable was maintained where they cared for the mules that towed the mine cars in the nearby coal fields. Levi was a member of the union, while Joseph worked on a nonunion basis. They carried a gun that was used to shoot a sick or helpless mule at the mines.
Yorktown Map
Yorktown was formerly a village adjoining Audenried along the east side. It was somewhat southeast of Audenried along the road to Jeanesville. It was probably named for the New York and Lehigh Coal Company. Miners' houses were built at Yorktown following the Civil War. By the 1920s, mining conditions including strippings caused the villagers to vacate to Audenried, Beaver Meadows, Junedale and Tresckow.
In 1855, James Taggart secured a ten-year lease on 202 acres from which coal
from his mine was shipped by the Beaver Meadow Railroad. The property, originally
purchased from Christian Kunkle by N. P. Hosack for $30,000, was owned by
the New York and Lehigh Coal Company. The first slope on the 'Big Vein' was
opened in April of 1856. In 1860 the mine was flooded with water and was not
pumped out until 1864.
George K. Smith (of Yorktown)
Slope No. 2 was started in 1858, and George K. Smith and Company secured a lease on the mines. Coal from Slope No. 2 was processed at the No. 1 Breaker.
On the evening of November 3, 1863, Smith was murdered in his home after purportedly revealing names of miners to draft enrollment officers for Civil War duty. Several murder suspects were arrested and placed in jail at Mauch Chunk. A short time thereafter, the Suspects were forcibly rescued during the night. Later, James McDonnell and Charles Sharp were apprehended for this murder. They were tried, convicted, and hanged on January 14, 1879, at Mauch Chunk.
More Slopes and Breakers (Yorktown)
The Smith and Company Lease was continued by Thomas Hull until 1868, when it was relinquished to A. L. Mumper and Company. At this time, Slopes No. 3 and 4 were established, and this coal was also processed at the No. 1 Breaker. During the regime of Thomas Hull blocks of houses were built for miners along with a company store.
In 1869 Breaker No. 5 was constructed, but seven years later it was destroyed by fire. Slopes No. 5 and 6 were also opened, the latter being located on the Wharton vein. Breaker No. 6 was built in 1875.
In 1878 a 15-year lease was secured by Thomas, John and Company. In 1880, managing partner John died and the firm became known as George H. Myers and Company. At this time, shipments amounted to about 150,000 tons per annum.
In 1872, other mines located about one mile northwest of Beaver Meadows were opened on land owned by the Lehigh Valley Railroad and Coxe Brothers and Company. Later, the Coxe Brothers and Company continued mining operations and six blocks of residential houses were completed for about 300 laborers, most of whom were Hungarians. In 1884, 418 workers produced 127,544 tons of coal.
In 1926 strip mining in Yorktown caused the Congregational church and parsonage to be moved to Audenried. It had been a part of the Welsh Church (Coleraine No. 2) at Junedale until 1932. Esther Davis played piano and organ from 1931 until 1992. A new organ was added in 1950. In 1955 the church was again subjected to mining conditions by the Wat Rap Coal Company, and a new building was constructed across the Luzerne County line at Hazle Village. An old cemetery was located in Beaver Brook.
Beaver Brook (Luzerne County, Hazle Twp.)
See
[The original name of Beaver Brook was Frenchtown4]. The Beaver Brook mine engaged 273 workers in 1884. Among the 126 males working outside the mine, 70 were slate pickers. Two early churches located on the south side of Beaver Brook include the Welsh Congregational Church and the Presbyterian Church. A cemetery 1 is located on the [south]east side of the village.
Jeanesville (Luzerne County, Hazle Twp.) ... [often written as Jeansville]
Map
Around 1840, coal was discovered in the vicinity of Jeanesville by James D. Gallup, who was affiliated with the Beaver Meadow Railroad. The colliery at Jeanesville, the next place to be opened after Coleraine Colliery, was located on the west side of the Vanwickle tract. Geographically, the greater part of the village is located in Luzerne County. [Note "Frenchtown Street" on the map.]
The property was bought by Joseph Jeanes for whom the village is named, and other Philadelphia businessmen for $20,000 from Joseph H. Newbold. The original company leased the land to William Milnes in 1841 and received a royalty of 25 cents per ton after the colliery was put into operation. In 1855 the royalty on a per annum basis amounted to $40,000. This lease continued for 20 years, during which 1,500,000 tons of coal were mined. In 1864 the property passed to the Spring Mountain Coal Company.
In 1868 the Jeanesville Iron Works was constructed. Previously, the Spring Mountain Coal Company operated this foundry at Beaver Meadows. The Lehigh Valley Railroad constructed a new passenger and freight depot with a dwelling at Jeanesville in 1870. The village was the home of J. C. Haydon who managed the local mines..
The major part of Jeanesville lies in Hazle Township in Luzerne County. In 1874, the Lehigh Valley Coal Company acquired the Spring Mountain Coal Company. S. Cornelison and Company, which employed as many as 40 men conducted a machine shop there for some years. In 1875, J. C. Haydon and Company were coal operators and J. B. Hutchinson and Company were large scale merchants in miners' supplies and dry goods including clothing and building supplies. The court approved the appointment of Bartholomew Flynn as night watchman for Coxe Brothers and Company in 1902. The coal companies experienced a 20 percent tax assessment increase in Banks Township in 1906. The companies only agreed to the increase only three years later. The Jeanesville Breaker was constructed in 1909.
See also Jeanesville, year by year. [link broken previous to 03/21/05]
Hazle Township
(mainly from Bradsby)
The genealogy of this township is as follows:
Hazle was carved out of Sugarloaf township in 1839. Sugarloaf
was taken from Nescopeck Township. The latter was formed in 1792. A part was
taken from Butler township, November 6, 1856, and added to Hazle. Grandmother
Nescopeck, mother Sugarloaf, and then the blooming, fashionable daughter,
Miss Hazle --- pretty in name and lovely in form and features. Though yet
one of the "sweet girl undergraduates," she wears the jewel of the
second city in the county of Luzerne. The south line of the township is the
county lines of Carbon and Schuylkill counties, and, as well, is the south
line of this county. The old Indian trail crossing Buck's mountain passed
through the township near where is Hazleton, and on toward Nescopeck through
Conyngham village. So far as the records can inform us, the first whites that
passed through here were Capt. Klader's company, on their way to the fatal
ambush near Conyngham in 1780. Then came and returned the burial party, and
then Balliet, his wife and two children; The latter swung across the horse
in their beegums. In 1804 came the white man with his surveyor's instruments,
surveying the turnpike that is now Broad Street, Hazleton, and the well-traveled
highway that passes on through Conyngham, Seybertsville, etc., on to the river.
The first settlement made in Hazel probably was in 1804 --- a camp for the
surveyors and then for the laborers in constructing the turnpike. The first
settlement was where the town of Hazleton now stands, and for particulars
thereof the reader is referred to that part of the history [in
Bradsby -- Ed., and the links in the following box:]
